Chapter 5: The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

Which type of lipid is most important in biological membranes?
1. fats
2. wax
3. phospholipids
4. oils
5. triglycerides
Which type of interaction stabilizes the alpha helix structure of proteins?
1. hydrophobic interactions
2. non polar covalent bonds
3. ionic interactions
4. hydrogen bonds
5. polar covalent bonds
Polymers of polysaccharides, fats and proteins are all synthesized from monomers by
1. connecting monosaccharides together.
2. the addition of water to each monomer.
3. the removal of water (condensation synthesis).
4. ionic bonding of the monomers.
5. the formation of disulfide bridges between monomers.
Which of the following statements BEST summarizes structural differences between DNA and RNA?
1. RNA is a protein, while DNA is a nucleic acid.
2. DNA is not a polymer, but RNA is.
3. DNA contains a different sugar from RNA
4. RNA is a double helix, but DNA is not.
5. DNA has different bases from RNA
The formation of polymers is most precisely described as an example of
1. catabolism
2. metabolism
3. hydrolysis
4. hydrophilic interactions
5. anabolism
Which of the following is True of both starch and cellulose?
1. They are both polymers of glucose.
2. They are geometric isomers of each other.
3. They can both be digested by humans.
4. They are both used for energy storage in plants.
5. They are both structural components of the plant cell wall.
Which of the following is True of an amino acid and starch?
1. Both contain nitrogen.
2. Both contain oxygen.
3. Both are polymers.
4. Both are hydrophobic.
5. Both are found in proteins.
Hydrolysis is involved in which of the following?
1. Synthesis of starch.
2. Hydrogen bond formation between nucleic acids.
3. Peptide bonding in proteins.
4. The hydrophilic interaction of lipids.
5. The digestion of polysaccharides to glucose.
Carbohydrates normally function in animals as
1. the functional unit of lipids.
2. enzymes in the regulation of metabolic processes.
3. a component of triglycerides.
4. energy storage molecules.
5. sites of protein synthesis.
If three molecules of a fatty acid that has the formula C₁₆H₂₂O₂ are joined to a molecule of glycerol (C₃H₈O₃), then the resulting molecule would have the formula
1. C₄₈H₆₆O₆
2. C₄₈H₇₂O₈
3. C₅₁H₆₈O₆
4. C₅₁H₇₂O₈
5. C₅₁H₇₄O₉
The chemical reaction between a amine group and a carboxylic acid group results in the formation of
1. peptide bonds
2. ionic bonds
3. glycosidic bonds
4. hydrogen bonds
5. an isotope
The chemical reaction between a carboxylic acid and an amine group is an example of
1. hydrolysis, because water is released during the reaction.
2. a dehydration reaction, because water is consumed during the reaction.
3. hydrolysis, because water is consumed during the reaction.
4. condensation, because each monomer contains carbon.
5. none of the above
Large organic molecules are usually assembled by polymerization of a few kinds of simple sub units. Which of the following is an exception to the previous statement?
1. a steroid
2. cellulose
3. DNA
4. an enzyme
5. a contractile protein
A which level of protein structure are interactions between R groups MOST important?
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary
5. They are equally important at all levels.
Which of the following maintains the secondary structure of a protein?
1. peptide bonds
2. hydrogen bonds
3. disulfide bridges
4. ionic bonds
5. electrostatic charges
Condensation synthesis reactions are used in forming which of the following compounds?
1. triglycerides
2. polysaccharides
3. proteins
4. Only A and C are correct
5. A, B and C are correct
Which of the following is TRUE concerning saturated fatty acids?
1. All of the below are true.
2. They have double bonds between the carbon atoms of the fatty acids.
3. They have a higher ratio of hydrogen to carbon than unsaturated fatty acids.
4. They are usually liquid at room temperature.
5. They are usually produced by plants.
Which bonds are created during the formation of the primary structure of a protein?
1. peptide bonds
2. hydrogen bonds
3. disulfide bonds
4. Only A and B are correct
5. A, B and C are correct
The alpha helix and the beta pleated sheet are both common forms found in which level of structure of proteins?
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary
5. none of the above
Altering which of the following levels of structural organization could change the function of a protein?
1. All of the below are correct
2. primary
3. secondary
4. tertiary
5. quaternary
In the double helix structure of nucleic acids, cytosine hydrogen bonds to _______.
1. deoxyribose
2. ribose
3. adenine
4. thymine
5. guanine
The structural feature that allows DNA to replicate itself is the
1. sugar-phosphate backbone.
2. complementary pairing of the bases.
3. phosphodiester bonding of the helices.
4. twisting of the molecules to form an alpha helix.
5. three-part structure of the nucleotides.
Of the functions listed below, the major purpose of RNA is to
1. transmit genetic information to offspring.
2. function in the synthesis of proteins.
3. make a copy of itself, thus ensuring genetic continuity.
4. act as a pattern to form DNA.
5. form the genes of an organism.
If one strand of a DNA molecule has the sequence of bases 5' - ATTGCA - 3, the other strand would have the sequence
1. 3' - TAACGT - 5'
2. 3' - UAACGU - 5'
3. 3' - TUUCGU - 5'
4. 3' - TAAGCT - 5'
5. 3' - TUUGCT - 5'
The tertiary structure of a protein is the
1. bonding together of several polypeptide chains by weak bonds.
2. order in which amino acids are joined in a peptide chain.
3. bonding of two amino acids together to form a dipeptide.
4. twisting of a peptide chain into an alpha helix.
5. three-dimensional shape.
What is a triacylglycerol?
1. A protein with tertiary structure.
2. A lipid made of three fatty acids and glycerol
3. A kind of lipid that makes up much of the plasma membrane.
4. A molecule formed from three alcohols.
5. A carbohydrate with three sugars.
The element nitrogen is always present in all of the following EXCEPT
1. proteins
2. nucleic acids
3. amino acids
4. DNA
5. lipids
Which of the following would yield the most energy per gram when oxidized?
1. starch
2. glycogen
3. fat
4. protein
5. monosaccharides
The following molecules are proteins EXCEPT
1. hemoglobin
2. antibodies
3. collagen
4. lysozyme
5. cellulose
All of the following bases are found in DNA EXCEPT
1. thymine
2. adenine
3. uracil
4. guanine
5. cytosine
All of the following molecules are carbohydrates EXCEPT
1. lactose
2. cellulose
3. hemoglobin
4. glycogen
5. starch
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
1. A nitrogen base and a phosphate group.
2. A nitrogen base and a five-carbon sugar.
3. A nitrogen base, a phosphate group, and a five-carbon sugar.
4. A five-carbon sugar and adenine or uracil.
5. A five-carbon sugar and a purine or pyrimidine.
Polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins are similar in that they
1. are synthesized from monomers by a process of hydrolysis.
2. are synthesized from monomers by a process of condensation synthesis.
3. are synthesized by peptide bonding between monomers.
4. are decomposed into their subunits by the process of condensation synthesis.
5. all contain nitrogen in their monomers.
Upon chemical analysis, a particular protein was found to contain 438 amino acids. How many peptide bonds are present in this protein?
1. 20
2. 437
3. 438
4. 439
5. 876
What would be an expected consequence of changing one amino acid in a particular protein?
1. The primary structure would be changed.
2. The tertiary structure would be changed.
3. The biological activity of this protein might be altered.
4. The number of amino acids present would stay the same.
5. All of the above are true.
Which of the following illustrates hydrolysis?
1. The reaction of two monosaccharides to form a disaccharide with the release of water.
2. The synthesis of two amino acids to form a dipeptide with the utilization of water.
3. The reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the release of water.
4. The reaction of a fat to form glycerol and fatty acids with the utilization of water.
5. The synthesis of a nucleotide from a phosphate, a ribose sugar, and a nitrogen base with the production of a molecule of water.
What is a common feature of both starch and glycogen?
1. Both form microfibrils that give support to connective tissue.
2. Both contain repeated monomers of glucose and galactose.
3. They are important structural components of plant cell walls.
4. They are polymers of glucose.
5. They are water-soluble disaccharides.
The bonding of two amino acid molecules to form a larger molecule requires
1. The release of a water molecule.
2. The release of a carbon dioxide molecule.
3. The addition of a nitrogen atom.
4. The addition of a water molecule
If 100 molecules of glucose were covalently joined together in sequence, the single molecule that would result would be a ___________.
1. polysaccharide
2. polypeptide
3. polyunsaturated lipid
4. nucleic acid
5. fatty acid
The difference between the two sugars in DNA and RNA is that the sugar in DNA
1. contains less oxygen.
2. can form a double-stranded molecule.
3. has a six-member ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
4. can attach to a phosphate, unlike the sugar in RNA.
The two strands making up the DNA molecule
1. cannot be separated.
2. contain ribose and deoxyribose in opposite strands.
3. are held together by hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces.
4. are attached through a phosphate to hold the strands together.
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between nucleic acids and genes?
1. RNA makes up the genes and DNA makes up the double helix.
2. One long DNA molecule includes many genes
3. RNA is only found in certain genes.
4. RNA sequences determine the DNA sequences that in turn make up the genes.
5. None of these accurately describes the relationship.
Which of the following BEST describes the relationship between proteins, RNA, DNA, and genes in humans?
1. DNA --> genes --> RNA --> Proteins
2. RNA --> DNA --> genes --> proteins
3. proteins --> RNA --> DNA --> proteins
4. genes --> DNA --> RNA --> proteins
The number of possible base sequences in a gene is
1. set by the size of the five nucleotides.
2. determined by the number of turns in the double helix.
3. limited by the number of RNA molecules it can produce.
4. effectively limitless.
5. found in the ratio of purines to pyrimidines.